Small-Scale Mining in the Philippines: a Case Study

SMALL-SCALE MINING (Lives at risk in the Philippine Gold Mines) INTRODUCTION Gold is the number one mineral produced by the Philippines in value terms. Although total local production was low relative to world production, it ranked 2nd to Africa in gold production per unit land area in 1988 and ranked 29th as top gold producer in 2002(Israel and Asirot 2002). In the year 2002–2007, the Philippines’ gold production increased by 8. 2%. This contributed an average of 2% gross domestic product (GDP) in the same period. The country was ranked 18th in the GFMs Gold Survey list of top 20 Gold Producing countries in 2007 (Teves 2008).The 2008 and 2009 data of the Philippine mining Almanac showed a significant amount of gold production by the small-scale gold mining operations in the country. Reports revealed that the small-scale mining sector contributed almost 80% of the total gold production. This is equivalent to a Php32B contribution to GDP in 2007 (ibid). The following 200 8 and 2009 data are based on the amount of gold sold to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). The highest amount of gold produced in the country at 28,198 kg and 26,112 kg, respectively were generated by the small-scale mines (fig. ). Local governments hosting the sector acknowledged the industry’s economic contribution, as it somehow provides livelihood to the local community and unemployed migrants. There are some reports on the adverse impact of small-scale mining on the environment, health and human lives. However, research studies documenting the impact of small-scale mining industry on the local economy, environment, human health, public safety and the socio-cultural condition of indigenous peoples (IPs) in the mining areas, are limited.The socio-political dynamics between small- scale miners and other stakeholders like community and civil society organizations, regulatory bodies, the government and large-scale mining companies remains undocumented. There were concerns regarding the implication of some regulatory policies on the small-scale mining industry as the application of such will prevent some IP communities from accessing their properties. Furthermore, questions arise on the actual impact of the industry on poverty alleviation. Some theory suggests that the small-scale industry may have aggravated poverty because of the weak regulation of the industry.While economically significant, small-scale gold mining has been the target of strong opposition in recent years mainly because of its various adverse environmental and social side effects. Foremost of these is mercury pollution. BACKGROUND Small-scale mining (SSM) refers to mining by individuals, groups, families or cooperatives with minimal or no mechanization, often in the informal (illegal) sector of the market. Small-scale mining relies heavily on manual labor and does not use explosives. The scope of the area allowed for small-scale mining should not exceed 20 hectares per contractor ( 1991).In the Philippines, small-scale mining operators include subsistence mining (estimated 75%), individual or family businesses (estimated 15%) and established commercial mining firms (estimated 10%) (Hentschel 2002). According to the different interviews and focus group discussions, the operation of small-scale gold mining in the country can be traced as early as 10th century or even since time immemorial in the north and as late as 1990s in south Cotabato. Furthermore, numerous foreign studies already investigated the problem of mercury pollution due to small-scale gold mining, concentrating on the experience in Brazil.High levels of mercury concentrations were found in the hair and blood samples ofthe miners and other affected people as well as in fish, soil sediments and forest and river ecosystems in small-scale gold mining areas of the Amazon region. In the Philippines, several studies also looked into mercury pollution based on the experience in Diwalwal, the largest small -scale mining site in the country (e. g. Mahinay et al. 1998, Bacani et al. 1996, Breward 1996, Balce and Cabalda 1992, Williams et al. 1995). High levels of mercury pollution were found on-site as well as in the affected places downstream.Williams et al. specifically asserted that there were already considerable mercury loads in some sectors of the Agusan River, where Diwalwal drains into, and that the water samples from the mining site itself showed higher concentrations than those in the other gold rush areas in the world. Although studies on the impact of mercury pollution due to small-scale mining were already numerous, they were generally technical in nature. Few works touched on the economic aspects of the problem and did so only in a superficial and summary manner.So far, there is no available study that conducted an economic analysis in a more detailed and quantitative way in the Philippines or elsewhere. Small-scale mining is not an important public revenue-generating sect or for the government at present because of its largely illegal nature. Viewed in a more positive light, the activity should become a solid tax base when fully licensed, given the large number of people and economic activities dependent on it. LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS IN SMALL-SCALE MINING Laws The earliest mining law in the Philippines was Commonwealth Act 137 promulgated in 1936.This legislation had no separate provision for small-scale mining since the activity was not practiced extensively then. It took effect for many years until the martial law era when it was amended through Presidential Decree (PD) 463, otherwise known as the Mineral Resources Decree of 1974. Like its predecessor, this legislation did not have separate provisions for small-scale mining. In 1984, PD 899 established small-scale mining as a new dimension in mineral development and defined it as a specific activity. Succeeding orders based on this law stipulated, among others, the rules and regulations governing he granting of small-scale mining permits and ordered the selling of the gold recovered through the activity only to the Central Bank and its authorized representatives. During the term of President Corazon C. Aquino, the Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act (RA) 7076 or the People’s Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991. Among its important provisions, this law established the People’s Small-Scale Mining Program and described the small-scale mining areas that can be opened under it. During the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos, RA 7942 or the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 was passed.This law stipulated that small-scale mining will continue to be governed by the provisions of RA 7076 and PD 1899 and their implementing rules and regulations. Institutions Prior to PD 899 in 1984, no government agency managed small- scale mining since it was not described as a formal economic sector yet. Those engaged in the activity did so without any government interference. With the passing of the law, the MGB was given the authority to administer small-scale mining. SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING PROCESS The initial process of gold mining starts with prospecting.In prospecting, the ore quality, â€Å"vein† geologic formation and ore assaying are examined. An area with a good ore quality is prepared for tunneling. In tunneling, holing and drilling are done using pick and shovel. Others who can afford it use electric hammer jacks. These initial stages of prospecting and tunneling are the expertise of the abanteros, whose knowledge of gold mining has been shaped by years of experience. In Benguet, the Ibaloi and Kankanaey miners are known Abanteros, having inherited their skills from their ancestors. Some migrant miners from the lowlands have also learned the skill.In South cotabato, the abanteros came from diwalwal, monkayo, compostela Valley. Mine workers are hired to work on the tunnels. These are the ore and muck ore packers, Atraseros (ore exporters from inside the tunnel), ore washers (usually women), habal-habal drivers, horses and horse owners/guides as transporters of ores from the tunnel site to the processing area. Extracted ores are processed in the ball or rod mill plant for mercury amalgamation. The tailings that have accumulated for several weeks will be subjected to further cyanidation in the carbonin-Pulp (ciP) Plant.The mercury amalgamation process will recover 40% of gold from the ores while the cyanidation will recover up to 60% of gold, both refined right after the smelting and/or firing process. Gold produced in button shapes will be sold to licensed gold buyers. A detailed process flow is presented in the following diagram (fig. 2). POWER RELATIONS IN THE SECTOR The mine is viewed as a resource, with various interested key players aiming to access it and benefit from it. There are several key players in the small-scale mining industry. With respect to the mining operation, the key players include: land owners †¢ tunnel owners (individuals or cooperative and association) †¢ financiers (foreigners, migrants or local, IPs and non-IPs) †¢ the abanteros or skilled miners †¢ the mine workers which include the atraseros (ore packers and haulers) †¢ ore and sack washers (usually women and young workers) †¢ ore transporters (habal-habal drivers, horse owners or guides) †¢ processing plant workers †¢ gold traders On the trading side, gold produced by the small-mining operations are purchased by the licensed gold buyers and subsequently sold to the Bangko Sental ng Pilipinas (BSP).Non-licensed traders are also present in the areas and are commonly labeled as the â€Å"black market. † Black market traders would usually visit the community or are based in the community. Purchase price is lower in the black market but the miners save the cost of transportation in going to the city. Because of the savings in transportation, miners are encouraged to sell t heir gold to the black market. Regulation and enforcement of policies related to small-scale mining industry are under the Provincial Mining Regulatory Board (PMRB).This is composed of the DENR- Mines and Geo Sciences Bureau (MBG) as the chairman and the Provincial Governor as the vice-chairman. The other members of the board are representatives from the SSM Association, large-Scale mining Operators and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs). In Benguet and South Cotabato, a number of local officials are involved in mining either as tunnel owner, land owner or financier. This presents a conflict of interest between regulating small-scale mining and operating mines. The Abanteros are usually the ones with knowledge, skill and capability to engage financiers because of their prospecting and tunnelling skills.Financiers initially provide funds for the operation of the mine but they are expected to engage with venture capitalists to expand the operation in the site. Venture capitalists can be foreign investors or locals who have the capital to infuse into the industry. Land owners, on the other hand, have the priority access over the resource, being the rightful claimants of the area. However, the land owners usually do not have the skills and the financial capacity to start a mine. Abanteros and financiers can negotiate with land owners to tap the resource.In some cases, the land owners can be financiers and tunnel owners, too. Some abanteros who have been successful in mining now act as financiers and tunnel owners; some have even managed to operate processing plants. it is common to see big-time tunnel owners and financiers also operate the processing plants in the area. Normally, all plant owners have tunnels but not all tunnel owners have processing plants. Owners of small mining operations with no processing plants pay for the use of existing processing plants, depending on the number of bags processed.MERCURY POLLUTION DUE TO SMALL-SCALE MINING The Amalgamatio n Method of Gold Processing Mercury gets into the picture in small-scale mining because it is the main agent used to separate the gold from the mined ore employing the amalgamation method of processing. Amalgamation is popular in small-scale mining areas since it is simple to apply and requires relatively low investment. The Carbon-in-Pulp (CIP) Method of Gold Processing Gold can also be processed using the CIP method. This method can process the slurry produced by amalgamation or the milled ore coming from the rod and ball mills directly.However, CIP is not used widely in small-scale mining because of the high cost of investment that it requires. The Health Impact of Mercury Pollution There are different ways by which the amalgamation method of gold processing causes mercury pollution. One way is when mercury is unintentionally spilled into the ground because of careless handling. Another is when mercury is discharged together with other wastes into inadequate tailings ponds, or wo rse, thrown away directly into rivers and waterways. Still another way is when vaporized mercury is released into the atmosphere when the amalgam is blowtorched and refined.Once in the environment, mercury is dangerous because of its potential adverse impact on human health. In the case of water pollution, part of the mercury discharged into rivers and waterways is transformed into methylmercury eaten by aquatic species and in turn consumed by people. Once inside the human body, mercury could trigger neurological disturbances as well as problems in the reproductive and other body organs (Viega 1997a). The likely symptoms are visual constriction, numbness of the extremities and the impairment of hearing, speech and gait.The release of mercury into the atmosphere during blowtorching also puts to risk human health. The activity is usually done in open containers and closed houses so the inhalation of vaporized mercury is highly possible among the people conducting it and those close by . The long-term effect of this type of exposure is the impairment of the metabolism of the human nervous system that eventually leads to certain neurobehavioral disturbances. The visible symptoms are the exhibition of exaggerated emotional responses and muscular tremors and gingivitis. PROBLEMS IN SMALL SCALE GOLD MININGPollution due to Aside from mercury pollution, small-scale mining is beset with other problems that are also important and needing serious attention. These are enumerated and discussed in brief below. Environmental Problems Cyanide Pollution Pollution due to toxic and hazardous substances other than mercury that are used in small-scale mining can also endanger human health. The highly poisonous sodium cyanide used in CIP processing, in particular, could easily kill people and fish when discharged in rivers and waterways. Despite its dangers, cyanide pollution from CIP processing has not been investigated at all in any literature.A probable reason is that, unlike merc ury, cyanide is biodegradable and eventually decomposes into carbon dioxide and ammonia (Yannopoulos 1991) making it potentially less harmful over time. Deforestation Deforestation is a natural consequence of small-scale mining since many sites are located in forested uplands. The influx of miners and their families into mining areas results to the clearing of forests for habitation space and other human activities that causes deforestation. No study investigated in detail the impact of small-scale mining on deforestation.One likely reason is that areas covered by small-scale mining are actually very small when compared to those used for other economic activities like forestry and logging (Veiga 1997b). Soil Erosion Soil erosion is another natural consequence of small-scale mining because of the mountainous and sloping topography of many mining sites. Miners level sloping land and scrape topsoil to make surface foundations stable for houses and other structures. They develop pathway s and roads across highly sloping and erosive areas and cover fertile soil with waste materials dug out of underground tunnels.There are also no studies that probed in detail the soil erosion effects of small-scale mining although this environmental impact is potentially large. Biodiversity Loss The loss of biodiversity due to small-scale mining is a direct after-math of deforestation and water pollution. Trees are cut leading to receding jungles that are natural habitats of terrestrial flora and fauna. Water pollution damages the rivers and waterways that are homes of aquatic plants and animals. As in the case of deforestation and soil erosion, there are no studies that investigated this issue.Siltation and Sedimentation of Downstream Water Bodies Siltation and sedimentation of downstream waterways occur when mine tailings and eroded soil finds their way into water bodies. They decrease the viability of affected waterways as fishing grounds, recreation sites and port areas. They al so contribute to flooding and hamper the efficient functioning of dams and irrigation networks. Like the other environmental problems, siltation and sedimentation due to small-scale mining have received scant research attention. Legal and Institutional ProblemsMining Rights Conflicts between Small-Scale Miners and Large-Scale Mining Firms Many small-scale mining areas are situated within the mining claims of large-scale companies. This situation has created conflicts between the large-scale miners on one side and the small-scale miners on the other side and prevented the smooth operations of the mining industry in general. Presence of Medium-Scale Mining Operations in Small-Scale Mining Sites Dominant presences of medium-scale mining operations have been competing for domination resulting in the significant loss of lives and deterioration of peace and order.Social Problems Worsening Social Instability in Small-Scale Mining Areas Many small-scale miners are migrants in the areas wher e they mine. Hence, they find it difficult to adapt socially with the local population. To some extent, vices like alcoholism and gambling also exist in these areas that add to the conflict. Limited Basic Services in Small-Scale Mining Areas The supply of basic services such as those relating to health and transportation and others has been limited in small-scale mining communities. This has greatly exacerbated the poor conditions and social problems within these areas.Exploitation of Women and Children in Small-Scale Mining Women and children are engaged in the gathering of ores inside tunnels and even in processing which are activities suited only for grown- up men. Although small-scale miners deny this, key informants and ocular inspection in the two case study areas confirmed this problem ECONOMIC PROBLEMS Low Price for Gold Received by Small-Scale Miners Small-scale miners sell their gold to the tunnel owners, processors or to other traders instead of directly to the Central Ba nk or its representatives.Key informants reported that underpricing of gold often occurs in these marketing channels and this contributes to the poor economic conditions the miners are in. Loss of Gold by the Country Due to Illegal Gold Trading Because small-scale miners sell their gold not to the Central Bank but to various buyers, the national government loses great amounts of gold to the detriment of the entire economy. Lack of Formal Sources of Credit for Small-Scale Miners There is lack of formal sources of credit for small-scale miners in times of need or for starting an alternative occupation.This forces them to borrow from the tunnel owners, processors, traders and unscrupulous money lenders who exploit them by charging higher interest rates or buying their gold at low prices. Lack of Alternative or Supplemental Employment Opportunities for Small-Scale Miners Small-scale mining is the only employment opportunity for many miners. Few have an alternative occupation like farmin g. Also many miners have been in mining for an average of 10 long years, which further confirms their lack of alternative employment. Technology-related ProblemsInefficient Technologies Used in Small-Scale Mining The technology used in ore extraction and gold processing results to poor ore output and gold recovery in small-scale mining. The poor ore and gold output performance has been confirmed by national and local key informants. Unsafe Technologies Used in Small-Scale Mining The unsafe techniques and procedures used in the mining of ore, such as poor timbering support, poor ventilation, and other practices have resulted to cave-ins and other accidents that disabled or took away the lives of miners.CONCLUSIONS The conflicting policies on resource extraction/development versus environmental protection and weak governance as indicated by the absence of local regulations threaten the environment and public health. The negative impacts of small-scale mining activities have been obser ved in many of these communities. Poverty and the attractiveness of immediate money from the mining industry attract children and women to work in the mines. These expose women and children to hazardous chemicals and unsafe mining practice.Small-scale mining contributes to the local economy through job creation, increasing economic activity in the communities. There is a need for the development of sound policies and laws to balance economic development and environmental sustainability. Strong enforcement of laws is a must. However, the conflict of interest of local officials who are in charge of regulation and governing the community and who also have interests in mining operations poses a threat in the strict enforcement of laws in the communities. RECOMMENDATIONS Mercury PollutionA review will show that the existing laws and regulations related to mercury pollution in small-scale gold mining are fairly adequate but monitoring and enforcement is weak. To improve on monitoring and enforcement, the following actions are suggested: * Licensing by the LGUs of all small-scale gold mining and processing operations within their jurisdiction and imposition of membership in a cooperative as a licensing requirement. * Earmarking of the licensing proceeds for the establishment and operation of a small-scale mining monitoring and enforcement unit within the management framework of LGUs. Development of an effective internal system within cooperatives that will force the proper use of hand gloves, mercury retorts and tailings ponds in small-scale mining. * Active involvement of NGOs and other responsible members of the local population in monitoring and enforcement by selectively deputizing them. * Strengthening of the Small-Scale Mining Section of the Environment and Safety Division of the MGB * Concerted effort by the national government, LGUs and NGOs to conduct education and awareness campaigns on mercury pollution. Involvement of international organizations in the fi ght against mercury pollution particularly in the promotion of technologies that can prevent or minimize it. * Serious consideration of the promotion of the CIP method of processing for small-scale mining Other Environmental Problems The national government should undertake detailed studies on cyanide pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, biodiversity loss and siltation and sedimentation in small-scale mining areas. Understanding these problems will go a long way toward finding their appropriate solutions.For the time being, the government must do better in monitoring and enforcing pertinent laws so that the problems are minimized. Legal and Institutional Problems The government should prioritize the early settlement of conflicting claims between small-scale miners and large-scale miners. One way of conducting this is to create dialogues between the two parties with the government as arbiter to find an amicable solution. Key informant from the large-scale firms in the two case stu dy areas explained that generally they are actually open to a negotiated settlement that can buy peace, goodwill and cooperation within their claims.Social Problems The social instability in small-scale mining is inherent in places where many of the population are poor and migrants. Improving the economic status of the people can help a lot to decrease the instability. This could happen when small-scale mining becomes a fully licensed activity and accepted as part of the economic mainstream. The provision of better basic social services will also help alleviate the deprived economic conditions and ease a lot of the social tensions. The exploitation of women and children is not confined to small-scale mining since it is prevalent, especially in the underground economy.The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) should take a closer look at this problem and devise ways to minimize it. Again, improving the economic lot of the miners will help curve the exploitation of women and children. The conduct of effective programs which can provide guidance and counselling to mining families will also promote compliance by the miners to the laws against exploitation. Economic Problems The problem of low price received for the gold by the small-scale miners will be addressed to a large extent when they are organized into cooperatives.As a group, they can negotiate better in the market or pay for the transportation cost to sell gold in bulk to the Central Bank. The Central bank should consider putting up buying stations in the more important mining sites. This will not only help the miners economically but also lower significantly the amount of gold lost to the black market. Technology-Related Problems The problems of inefficient and unsafe technologies are part and parcel of small-scale mining as long as the miners remain poor.Economic conditions force them to use said technologies since they cannot afford to employ more sophisticated and costly ones. Sources: * Mercury Pollution Due to Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Philippines: An Economic Analysis http://dirp4. pids. gov. ph/ris/rps/pidsrp0202. pdf * A Background Study on the Small-scale Gold mining Operations in Benguet and South Cotabato and their Impact on the Economy, the Environment, and the Community http://bantaykita. ph/pdfs/Small%20Scale%20Mining. pdf * Inquirer News Online: http://newsinfo. inquirer. et/305986/small-scale-miners-sell-less-gold-due-to-bsps-7-tax http://newsinfo. inquirer. net/338689/13-men-in-quezon-clash-met-gold-miner http://newsinfo. inquirer. net/343869/gold-miner-says-he-didnt-betray-siman http://business. inquirer. net/106807/miner-sets-aside-digging-turns-to-planting-cacao http://newsinfo. inquirer. net/359389/sleepless-miner-recounts-seeing-friends-buried-alive-2 http://newsinfo. inquirer. net/362277/police-arrest-19-small-scale-miners http://newsinfo. inquirer. net/362687/execs-say-arrests-halted-mindoro-illegal-

Male Daughters Femals Husbands Essay

I chose the book Male daughters, female husbands by Ifi Amadiume. The reason I chose this book is because I have always been curious about the role of women in non western countries and why they were viewed as being subservient to men by their own as well as the western world. Ifi Amadiume, a Nigerian sociologist with a London University doctorate, conducted research in her own family area to study gender and sex in an African Society. Challenging the received orthodoxies of social anthropology, Ifi Amadiume argues that in precolonial society, sex and gender did not necessarily coincide. In the book she examines the structures that enable women to achieve power and shows that roles are neither rigidly masculine nor feminine. This study that was conducted relates to social anthropology. The study was conducted in Nnobi, a town in the only Igbo area which has not been studied in detail by any scientist or anthropologist. Fieldwork was conducted in Nnobi between 1980 and 1982 on the Igbo people. As a result of the 1976 local government reform which divided Nigeria into 19 states and 299 local governments, Nnobi became one of the towns in the Idemili local government. Most of the Igbo people were also separated between states. The 1963 population census put the total number of Igbo people at 7,209,716. The study is divided into three periods: pre-colonial, when the traditional systems operated: colonial, when the British ruled Nigeria: and post-colonial, when Nigeria became an independent nation. There were further divisions of these periods such as Gender and the economy, the ideology of gender, and the general beliefs about men and women in which we will look into further in the following paragraphs. First we will take a look at gender and the economy. This was part of the pre-colonial period. It is within this period that ideologies behind the Igbo and Nnobi , their sexual division of labor, and those governing the relations of production originated. As a result of ecological factors, agricultural production was not profit in Nnobi, hence the development of a sexual division of labor and gender ideology which gave women a central place in the subsistence economy, while men sought authority through ritual specialization and ritual control. The gender ideology governing economic production was that of female industriousness. The name of the town itself Nnobi reflects matrifocality in Nnobi culture or matricentric principle in household organization; mothers and children formed distinct, economically self-sufficient sub-compound units classified as female in relation to the male front section of the compound. There was a dual-sex organization principle behind the structure of the economy, which was supported by various gender ideologies. These principles and ideologies governed the economic activities of men and women. They also governed access to wealth, wives, achievement-based status and many other things within their community. Material wealth was converted into prestige and power through title-taking, the acquisition of more wives and more labor power, more material wealth. Wealth for men included possession of things like houses, many wives and daughters, livestock, and land. Wealth for women included things like livestock, fowls, dogs’, farm and garden crops, daughters and many wealthy and influential sons. Males and females symbols of wealth were very similar even though in principle they did not own the same things. One very important economic resource which women did not own was land. A flexible gender system mediated the dual-sex organizational principle. Nnobi society was based on strict sexual dualism, whereby women’s economic and political organizations were separate from those of men. Through manipulation of gender concepts and flexible gender construction in language, the dual-sex barrier is broken down or mediated. Ideology of gender guided the Igbo people, however it was possible for men and women to share attributes. The system of few linguistic distinctions between male and female gender also makes it possible for men and women to play some social roles in which, we ( the western world) carry rigid sex and gender association. The Igbo language in comparison with the English language, has not built up rigid associations between certain adjectives or attributes and gender subjects, nor certain objects and gender possessive pronouns. There is no usage of the word ‘man’ to represent both sexes, neither is there the option of saying ‘he or she’, ’him or her’ , or ‘his or her’. This of linguistic system of few gender distinctions makes it possible to conceptualize certain social roles as separate from sex and gender, hence the possibility for either sex to fill the role. This does not mean that there is no competition between the sexes, and situations in which a particular sex monopolize roles and positions. One example of a situation in which women played roles ideally occupied by men were ‘male daughters’ and ‘female husbands’; in either role, women acted as family head. The Igbo word for family head is genderless. In Nnobi society and culture, there was one head or master of a family at a time, and ‘male daughters’ and ‘female husbands’ were called by the same term, which translated into English would be ‘master’. The reverse applied to those in a wife relationship to others. The Igbo word for wife is a genderless expression meaning a person who belongs to the home of the master of the home. Although there were genderless words within this culture there were still general beliefs about men and women that set them apart. Men and women were talked of or judged according to the roles expected of them as full social adults. What was stressed about men was their duty to provide for and protect their families. This culture did not stereotype bad men. Unfortunately this was not the case with women. Similar to the society we live in today everyone in this culture knew the attributes of a bad woman. Bad women were those who failed in their wifely and maternal duties and sentiments. This type of woman usually did not take care of her husband, was bad tempered, and ate food without giving any to her husband. A bad woman also did not take very good care of the children. I found this to be very similar how we view ‘bad ‘women as well in our society. In contrast to a bad woman was the good woman. The good women were usually a good daughter, wife, and mother. She looked after her husband, never refused him food, and made sure things around the household were taken care of. If her husband was unable to provide for the family financially she was able to help him through her own efforts. She always protected her children from any form of danger, and if necessary she would even protect them from their father. The industriousness, which is what was meant by good character, was inculcated in a woman in her father’s house, and would pay dividends in her husband’s house. In conclusion this book really brought about some insight how the fact that biological sex did not always correspond to ideological gender. This meant that women could play roles usually monopolized by men, or be classified as ‘males’ in terms of power and authority over others. In contrast the Western culture and the Christian religion carried rigid gender ideologies. This gender system meant that roles are strictly masculine or feminine; breaking gender rules carries a sigma. In new gender realities, such women are still defined as females, however they are no longer involved in domestic female roles.

Should violent images and language be censored or banned from national Essay

Should violent images and language be censored or banned from national media - Essay Example adays, parents have to sneak into the room every now and then to make sure that their innocent child is protected from the impacts of evil forces trying to reach their child through video games. This may also have a negative impact on the parent-child relationship in which the parent has to spy on the child. This may, for the least, inculcate curiosity in the child’s mind regarding the spying parent. In extreme circumstances, the child may become violent and abuse the parent and force him/her out of the room. Even if all the deleterious effects of incorporating sexuality and violence in the video games are overlooked, the fact that these factors are incorporated into the video games on the cost of their quality can not be ignored. Video game makers that do not have a nice strategy in mind for the plot or theme of the game may still have their product do good business in the market by making the audience attracted towards the violence or sexuality incorporated therein. In this sense, makers of such video games are essentially committing the crime of tarnishing the image of video games in the public’s eye. A vast majority of the proponents of violence and sexuality in video games suggest that access to such games should be allowed after a certain age limit. They emphasize that this is a useful way to prevent the minds of innocent children to go wild before they physically mature up. But this argument is totally flawed. Although it apparently seems an easy way to end the debate, yet anyone with the desire to curtail sexuality and violence in the video games can easily challenge this argument for several reasons. This is because of the fact that age restrictions when placed upon something play a fundamental role in making that thing a social taboo, and taboos often happen to be the biggest adventures for juveniles and adolescents to explore. The idea of placing age restrictions on the violent video games makes them all the more exciting and appealing for the

Which country has the prettiest women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Which country has the prettiest women - Essay Example Beauty is not only pleasure to the senses; beauty is being nice on the inside and reciprocating the same to the outside. Someone may look physically appealing, but be cold hearted and insecure on the inside. Latin American, Argentina, provides a variety of pretty women by records. These women are generally friendly to the rest of the world and several areas in these regions are safe (Gill et al., 2010). Argentinians are widely spread across the world and their large population makes them accessible to the whole world. The Argentine women are very kind and passionate, always contented and are never looking for a visa to relocate to other countries. Latinas have excelled in various fields ranging from physical beauty to sports and even in the business arena. Some people argue that Latinas from some particular countries are more superior than others (Freeman, 2012). The South American vast population and size and its per capita income make it a suitable country, which boasts of having t he prettiest Latin women. Comparably, the Argentinian women have a fairer and lighter look than most women from other countries like the Guatemala, who have a more indigenous look. The Argentinians are very special and their Latin genes produce a most beautiful, sensual and exciting women. Argentinian women are mostly simple light skinned ladies who just want men who will love her, be devoted to her, a man who she can give back her love and that person who will respect her. She doesn’t want a person who will see several women besides her. Moreover, their families are complete and well built, while the population becomes passionate about numerous issues. In fact, these people are regarded to as the descendants of Mayans, The Aztecs, The Incas, and royal Castilian Spanish, and are known to rejoice and spend their time strengthening their relationship. There are virtues that bind the Latina to a perception of the happiness associated with being a woman and feminine grooming. In fact, this happiness is associated with the desire of nurturing the family and offering the husband a home full of comfort. Therefore, women tend to focus on the needs and things that lead to comfort of their family. Nevertheless, there is no application of western values in South America; in fact, their virtues are not comparable to these values. Therefore, to a Latina woman, men virtues are considered vital, while in North American, male are focused on the comfort and appreciation of a woman, which can be regarded as a value (McCloskey, 2011). In this case, Latin women seem to have a different approach of life. Furthermore, they have prioritized their family, friends and work; in fact, they do not prioritize money and possession. The quality of time spent with their family, children and friends is a great importance to them than anything else in their lives. In addition, Latin women have a fanatical desire to their beauty, whereby they focus on their figures and like feminine dres sing. A typical Argentinian loves her family, her way of life and has good friends and cannot be easily swayed to move into another country to marry someone who will not love her and respect her. These pretty women can only relocate if they get into a meaningful relationship with a caring husband, who also loves her in equal measure. She is a flexible woman who will adapt to the new environment very first; hence, she will not disturb her husband with issues of culture disparity and loneliness emerging from missing her people. Once she is married, her children and

Regression Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Regression Analysis - Research Paper Example Introduction In order to check the relationship between benefits and the intrinsic, extrinsic and total job satisfaction, 3 bivariate regressions are run. Using the regression equations the linear relationship between the independent variable (benefit) and the 3 sets of dependent variables (total job satisfaction, intrinsic job satisfaction and extrinsic job satisfaction) is established. Bivariate regression analysis shows how the explanatory power of the independent variable in determining the values of the dependent variable (Malhotra, 543). The results from the regression analysis are explained in details. ... from Excel Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.172306 R Square 0.029689 Adjusted R Square 0.001151 Standard Error 0.352328 Observations 36 ANOVA Â   df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 0.129141 0.129141 1.040326 0.314948704 Residual 34 4.220582 0.124135 Total 35 4.349722 Â   Â   Â   Â   Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept 5.1302975 0.179009596 28.6593 2.1E-25 4.766506281 5.4940888 4.76650628 5.49408881 X Variable 1 0.0376321 0.036895473 1.01996 0.31495 -0.03734857 0.1126127 -0.0373486 0.11261267 Graph Key components of the regression analysis Dependent Variable Slope Y-intercept Equation Intrinsic 0.169682348 4.427844793 Benefits= 4.427844793 + 0.16982348*(Intrinsic) 0.16493309 Extrinsic -0.16220711 6.157338158 Benefits= 6.157338158 -0.16220711*(Extrinsic) 0.287582114 Overall 0.0376321 5.1302975 Benefits= 5.1302975 + 0.0376321*(Overall) 0.0296894 Similarities and Differences Similarity: the intercepts of all the thre e regressions are positive and significant at 5% level of significance (as the p-value for all the 3 regressions are less than 0.05) Dissimilarity: The correlation between benefits-total job satisfaction and benefits-intrinsic job satisfaction is positive (as the slope between them is positive) but the correlation between benefits-extrinsic job satisfaction is negative (as the slope between them is negative) The regression results between benefits-intrinsic job satisfaction and benefits-extrinsic job satisfaction is significant at 5% level of confidence (as the p-value for these two is less than 0.05) but the result of benefit-total job satisfaction came to be insignificant at 5% level of confidence. Correlation coefficients The strongest correlation coefficient is between benefits and intrinsic job

Justification Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Justification Report - Essay Example From among the host of publications and journals reviewed, the following three were actually evaluated: Logistics Management, Transportation Journal and Journal of Business Logistics. However, since our organization would only require one journal, I recommend the Logistics Management since it complies with the criteria set for the most appropriate journal in our profession. As a brief overview of the journal, the Logistics Management boasts of keeping â€Å"logistics and supply chain professionals up-to-date on the latest news and trends in transportation services, equipment and technologies† (EH Publishing Network, 2011). By subscribing to it, our organization would be abreast with the current news, trends and offers that are crucial in the services we offer. The detailed information that makes this journal preferential among the others are as follows: 1. Cost and frequency of publication. Its detailed subscription offer for new subscribers is detailed herein: Cover Price: $9 9.00; Sale Price: $0.00; Savings: 100% (12 issues free delivery within US and Canada). Offered and delivered once a month, new subscribers are given an introductory promotion of receiving free 12 subscribed copies for the first year to enable us to try and avail of their journal. 2. Content.

Unit 23 Human Resources Development - Level 5 Human Resources Essay

Unit 23 Human Resources Development - Level 5 Human Resources Development - Essay Example 5). Activist includes learners who will try everything once - these learners are flexible as well as keen regarding latest things, and get involved with others with no trouble. Reflectors are those learners who examine and analyze all accessible information prior to taking any action - they think before arriving to any conclusion. According to Theorist style, a few individuals are learning by principles and models - they adopt methodical and rational approach towards problems. Pragmatist style includes individuals who make sensible decisions. Similarly, in Kolb’s learning model there are four key stages - â€Å"concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation† (Edwards et al, 2013, p. 8). According to Kolb, individuals are capable of thinking in a different manner and have different point of view, they utilize information as well as imagination to tackle problems. On the other hand, the Myers-Briggs model categorizes learners in accordance with their inclinations towards scales developed from â€Å"Carl Jungs theory of psychological forms† (Lloyd, 2012, p. 29). This model has four different sets of contradictory inclinations and it says that in every pair, learners are likely to favour one side over the other, and they are likely to utilize that side for the most part, because it comes very easily to them. The learning curve is an investigative tool that can be employed to assess the pace on which cumulative knowledge let employees to carry out tasks quicker as well as with a reduced amount of cost. Learning curve models are a key technique to get an estimate about the required time for starting future tasks. Transfer of learning to workplace is important because there is recognition that transfer is a central notion in learning and connects with both process as well as the end result. Whenever learning takes place, earlier learning is utilized as a foundation stone (Laprà © & Nembhard, 2011,

Contractual issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contractual issues - Essay Example Her employer refused to provide her unemployment benefits arguing that Crowe was dismissed for cause. Consequently, she disqualified from obtaining benefits. Based on the findings of the South Carolina Department of Employment and Workforce, she was not fired for cause. Crowe was entitled to obtain her benefits without disqualification. Based on clause 41–35–120 (2) of the South Carolina Code, an employee is entitled to unemployment benefits that should run between one to six months after being dismissed for cause (South Carolina Legislature, 2014). The case ended with the judge affirming that Crowe was entitled to unemployment benefits because she was not dismissed for cause. The ethical dimensions in this case is that AnMed did not consider Crowe’s claims that taking flu shot could make her go through pain and die from a debilitating infection. Though her actions were sensible, AnMed did not establish an appropriate way of engaging Crowe to understand her problem (American College of Healthcare Executives, 2012). An administrator should first consider the situation that led to the dismissal. After the determination that she was not dismissed for cause, it would be necessary to give her employment

Law of International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law of International Trade - Essay Example Denny knows nothing of the prior sale to Benny. The three contracts existing in this case are, first one is between Sammy with the carrier that who carry the 1000 tons of sugar, second is among Sammy and Benny and third contract is between Sammy and Denny. The contract becomes valid only if it fulfills the entire legal requirement. It will come under the Sales of Goods Act 1979. â€Å"A bill of lading is a type of document that is used to acknowledge the receipt of a shipment of goods. A transportation company or carrier issues this document to a shipper.† (What is a bill of landing? 2010). Bill of trading offers safety to each and every party in the global trade. In these particular case three Bills of lading is offered to Sammy. And also Denny is enabled to ask for all these three Bill of lading from Sammy at the time of receiving 1000 tons of sugar. If Sammy is not giving all these three Bills of lading to the Denny he can neither refuse to carry on with the contract or he can claim financial compensation for the fraudulent contract. Denny has to admit the two of the three Bills from the Sammy or else, Denny has the right to refuse the bills for the reason that Sammy takes action in bad faith. He should bind with various responsibilities that he must obey. Primarily, he should provide a shipped moveable fresh Bill of Lading to the purchaser. Secondly, Sammy has to offer an agreement of Marine Insurance for the commodities which is constantly concerned by insurer. Thirdly, Sammy must offer a profitable invoice to the purchaser. Denny had to admit the Bills and recompense for the 1000 tone of sugar if Sammy accomplish his responsibilities by tendering fresh Bill of Lading, assurance plan, and profitable invoice. In this case, there is agreement among Sammy and shipping so that the carrier must be followed by certain responsibilities under the Hague

Possible Risks Which Affect Computer System Essay Example for Free

Possible Risks Which Affect Computer System Essay Abstract The short report reveals about the possible risks that affecting the computer system in terms of data loss and malfunctioning of programs. By taking simple precautionary measures the unexpected hazards can be completely eliminated. The most significant preventive measure is timely backing up the data. The other involves physical safety and installation of anti-virus programs. One factor to be kept in mind is that without proper physical safety no data is safe, as the hardware parts including motherboard, processor, and storage system constitute a computer brain. Once the brain gets damaged the whole system is collapsed. Introduction Normally people never think of taking precautionary measures until they experience individual loss or feel the bitterness of unexpected disasters. This may also happen in most of the cases regarding back up processes against possible risks involved in information loss. There is no use of running after the data, which has already been a lost or taking bleak effort to regain it. But one has to be vigilant regarding the backup process by learning from the drastic experiences of others. If one realize about the importance of information stored in the system and feel the perspiration to create and process the data associated with it, he will never let it go by silly causes. Firstly he would concern about the protection of information by all possible ways. This short report reveals about the possible risks involved in data loss and the ways to eliminating those risks. Possible Risks to the Data There are several risks, which cause the data in the computer to vanish or to corrupt. Therefore different backup processes are to be adopted to protect data from different risks. Only a few numbers of backup processes are capable to handle all the risks and protect data loss. Here is a short description about the commonly seen risks to PCs. Hardware Failure It is termed as the most significant risk that may affect the data storage system. If a person is well aware of hard disk failure he never forget to backup the data timely. Disk crash may lead the system with irrecoverable loss of data and valuable programs. The other hardware failures include memory errors; system-timing problems, resource conflicts and power loss can also corrupt the data or damage the important programs. Ensuring proper dust free and moisture free atmosphere, timely scanning of disk, supply of uninterrupted power will minimize the above risks. Software Failure There is also a possibility of data loss due to software errors. It may be the result of improper or ineffective software design. Due to lack of proper logic and effective coding the program on execution may get hanged and because of that the data may get corrupted. â€Å"Some software bugs may be even more damaging, even causing the loss of files unrelated to them. † (SF). But rarely it happens. This risks can be eliminated by using of the trustful and reliable software. File System Corruption This problem generally comes due to the improper maintenance of system disks. If the disk is not scanned regularly there is a risk of transforming file structure used to contain information files and programs. It may cause damage of data and ultimately loss. Accidental Deletion It happens by simple mistakes of human as, rarely, important files may accidentally be deleted from the hard disk. By taking certain protection techniques and undeletion utilities the lost files can be recovered later. Proper backup of data in time and usage of proper undeletion utilities will negate the data loss from accidental deletion. Virus Infection Viruses are uninvited malicious programs that cause irrecoverable damages to the system files and important programs. The data loss can happen either due to direct Virus attacks or it can happen as a result to the efforts for removing viruses from computer system. By installing trustful anti-virus programs this problem can be eliminated. Other Risks Data loss due to physical activities of human such as Theft and Sabotage by dissatisfied employees is also a matter of concern. Same consequences are expected from the natural disasters such as Fire incidents, flood, earthquake, mud slide, hurricane, lightning strike, etc. at is on. Once the system is damaged physical no recovery can be expected from that. Therefore the only solution from the risk is to ensure physical safety of the system. So protect the systems from the possible physical hazards keep it physically as well as functionally safe. Work cited SFSource : Software Failures ; http://www. pcguide. com/care/bu/risks. htm

Evolution Of Defence Industry In India History Essay

Evolution Of Defence Industry In India History Essay 12. The history of DIB in India dates back to 1775 when British authorities accepted setting up of Board of Ordnance in Fort William, Kolkata. This was the official beginning of the Army Ordnance in India. In 1787 a gun powder factory was established at Ishapore which started production from 1791  [1]  . However, the first ordnance factory, Gun Shell factory was established at Cossipore in 1801 to manufacture guns and ammunition.  [2]  Since then the DIB in British ruled India grew to 7 Ordnance Factories (OFs) by the end of WWI and 18 OFs at the time of independence1, generally catering to repair overhaul and supplementing weapons and equipment produced in Britain. During this period India was never allowed to develop core competencies in industrial production. Post Independence up to 1960s 13. Post independence the Indian leadership aimed at attaining self-sufficiency in entire domain of defence production. To achieve this Industry Policy Resolution 1948 and The Industries (Development Regulation) Act, 1951  [3]  emphasized core industries (including defence sector) be taken care of by central government. Hence, eight Defence Public Sector Units (DPSUs) were established under aegis of Government, to undertake defence production. Defence Science Organisation(DSO), which was established to take up challenges of RD, got amalgamated with technical development establishment (TDE) in 1958. Hence, DRDO was created which then comprised of 10 laboratories  [4]  . Post 1962 War 14. Post 1962 war license production and direct purchase remained predominant form of supply for armed forces. This resulted in a gap of nearly three decades in Indias effort toward indigenous production which was especially evident in the fields of RD. A fighter aircraft between Marut and the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), a basic trainer aircraft between HT-2 and HPT- 32, an intermediate trainer between Kiran and yet-to-be fully developed Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) are some of the examples that typify both technology and production gaps  [5]  . Trends in 1980s and 1990s 15. During this period Global defence expenditure touched its peak in 1987 and then fell sharply in late 1980s and early 1990s. This period also saw globalization with countries opening up their economies, rise in low intensity conflicts, lawlessness, crimes and terrorism. This period was the starting point of major defence acquisitions from abroad coupled with major initiatives in indigenous defence production, including RD. The license production of Jaguars and MiG-27M was undertaken by HAL  [6]  . This period also saw commencement of indigenous development of LCA, ALH, MBT Arjun by DRDO and missiles under Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL). However, fructification of these projects was accompanied by inordinate delays and technological gaps. 16. With nothing forthcoming from indigenous RD, the mainstay of armed forces was met through substantial arms acquisition from abroad. With the change in environment after nuclear explosions by India and Pakistan and the Kargil conflict, the country had to give a re-look to its defence strategy including its objective of achieving self-reliance in defence industry. Defence Industry in 21st Century 17. The importance of civil military interaction to attain near self-reliance in defence production was realized and this period saw changes at institutional and organizational levels as recommended by GoM Committee Report on Reforming the National Security System. The major shift in policy was allowing 100% private sector participation and 26% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in defence-industrial sector  [7]  . Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has been instrumental in influencing such a marked change in policy. While these far-reaching institutional and policy-oriented changes have been underway for quite some time, the demand for private participation has assumed significance in recent years. Trends in Global Defence Industry 18. Cold War era saw an upward trend in military demand followed by a reverse trend in post cold war era. Reduction in defence budget allocation  [8]  in the post cold war period, as shown in Table 1 resulted in many smaller companies either merging with big ones or shifting towards civilian production. Mergers and acquisitions resulted in creation of few giant companies like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, British Aerospace, Northrop Grumman and EADS. As shown in Table, the military expenditure again witnessed upward trend since 1999 and this is likely to continue in future  [9]  . With procurement budgets increasing new opportunities are expected for the defence industry. In the changing conflict scenario, there has been an upward trend in the LIC, insurgency, terrorism, OOAC etc as a result of which the global defence industry after a period of significant downsizing and rationalization has entered into a phase of renewed attention. Table 1: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI): Military Expenditure Database in GDP 1988 2009. Indias Defence Industry. 19. Post Cold War era, changing trends in global defence industry had affected Indian DIB. Economic liberalization has resulted in indigenous build-up of technological base in IT, communication, electronics, automobile sectors etc. Since, all defence acquisitions till mid 90s were either outright or under license production/TOT, DPSUs/OFs could only gain expertise in production by assembling Completely knock Down (CKD) and/or Semi knock Down (SKD) Kits imported from the Original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The real TOT aimed at enhancing the indigenous development was missing in all these deals. However, the most far reaching change, in recent times, that has impacted the Indias DIB is opening up of defence sector for private participation. The objectives are manifold viz., reduction of defence imports from current levels of 70 percent, increase in defence exports, enhance the indigenous RD skill level and infrastructure to produce state of the art equipment within time frames spec ified. In Jan 2001, the GOI initiated a series of major initiatives that included FDI up to about 26 percent and full private participation in certain sectors in defence industry. However, licensing requirement was still an impediment towards luring private industries. Shift from Self Sufficiency to Self-Reliance 20. Since independence Indias Industry Policy Resolution of 1948 and 1951 was aimed at achieving self sufficiency in defence production. Towards this the government invested heavily in scientific and technological institutions such as IITs, CSIR, ICAR, DAE, DoS, ICMR, DRDO etc. However, the countrys defence was neglected, as was evident in 1962 war. With a weak DIB, the policies to maximize production in order to attain self-sufficiency in defence sector although were considered farsighted, did not match expectations, thus leading to shift of focus from self-sufficiency model to self reliance model. 21. Self-reliance in its true sense does not preclude accessing external sources for technology and systems, or external help in any stage of the production cycle. Hence, self-reliance meant apart from Indias own production base for support a degree of dependence on reliable foreign sources for access to technologies, supply of components and complete systems was desirable. These were materialized by meeting urgent and immediate demands through imports form abroad while simultaneously striving for indigenous capabilities in defence production. Although Indias main focus on imports was from western countries like UK, France, Sweden these countries were reluctant in supplying defence equipment to India post 1962 war. Indias quest for self reliance got a major boost when Russia agreed for licence production by various DPSUs as well as OFs in India. However, in the bargain TOT aimed at enhancing indigenous production and RD activities lost focus. The outcome of this is obvious, as witn essed in the LCA program, MBT Arjun and aero engine Kaveri. In spite of having produced aircraft, tanks and aero engines under Licence Production, the organizations involved in the production could hardly assimilate and nurture the technology needed to supplement our own indigenous efforts. Probably the focus of these organizations was more towards production rather than indigenization. Analysis 22. Thus, the approach that India adopted in defence procurement and defence industrial development can be divided into three stages. The first stage was from independence till 1962 when all defence needs were met from overseas procurement. The second stage was from 1962 till mid-1980s when efforts were made to build domestic production through licence production. The third stage from mid-1980s until the present day not only saw procurement from Russia and France, but also initiation of a number of indigenous RD projects. 23. Prior to independence, the focus of DIB was primarily aimed at supplementing the equipment produced in Britain. Various committees such as the Chatfield committee in 1938, Roger Mission, the Eastern Group 1940 and the Grady Mission 1942 were formed to look into issues relating to Indias defence production  [10]  . The Grady Mission could not find a single person or department with whom they could discuss issues pertaining to defence production in India. Hence, the mis-management of the defence production in India dates back from colonial era and the heritage continues even today with the defence RD and production sector still being neglected by the bureaucracy and the political giants. 24. Globally, Military technology has grown from the era of vacuum tube and electromechanical systems of early 19th century to miniaturized electronics and software driven sophisticated systems. Till the cold war era, Military Doctrine drove technology. However, in the fast-changing technological world, technology is driving military doctrines. NOTES AND REFERENCES

Julius Caesar Essay: Marc Antony’s Power of Persuasion -- Julius Caesa

Marc Antony's Power of Persuasion in Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, although Marc Antony is allowed to make a speech at Caesar's funeral, he must not speak ill of either the conspirators or Caesar.   Antony was infuriated with Caesar's assassination, and wants to seek revenge on his killers as well as gain power for himself in Rome's government.   He must persuade the crowd that has gathered that Caesar's murder was unjust, and turn them against Brutus and Cassius.   He tries to stir his listeners' anger, rousing them into action and yet say nothing bad about his enemies.   Marc Antony uses several persuasive devices in his speech, which allows him to successfully convince the citizens of Rome to turn against the conspirators.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first of these devices, specific evidence, allows Antony to oppose Brutus' explanation for the assassination and prove Caesar was a good ruler.   He says, "He hath brought many captives home to Rome,/Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill" (III.ii.97-98). He continues with, "When the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept" (III.ii.100).   Marc Antony uses these examples to show the crowd that Caesar cared deeply about Rome and its citizens, and to remind them of the contributions he made.   Caesar risked his life to take captives, and then gave the ransom money to the public.   Marc Antony says that Caesar was compassionate, he felt his citizens' sadness and wept with them.   The audience remembers what a good ruler Caesar was, and regrets that he's gone.   Brutus had told the citizens he killed Caesar because of his ambition, but Antony disproves this.   He says, "You all did see that on the Lupercal/I thrice presented hi m a kingly crown,/Which he did thri... ...ence to feel the opposite of what he's saying A.   "Honorable men" 1.   Tone of voice tells his feelings-sarcastic tone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.   Repetition-forget actual message B.  Ã‚   "No mutiny" 2.   Connects to "Honorable men" (134) 3.   Repetition-loses message IV.   Emotions- Appeals to citizens' sadness, horror, then anger A.   Sadness-shows his own grief 1.   (115) B.   Horror 1.   Carries in Caesar's body 2.   Shows where Caesar was stabbed-(186) C.   Anger-makes conspirators seem evil 1.   (235) 2.   (135) V.   Props-Keep interest and appeal to grief A.   Caesar's body 1.   Appeal to audience's emotions 2.   Show personal grief B.   The will 1.   Keep audience's interest a.   (140) b.   (155) 1.   Show audience how great Caesar was VII.   Conclusion-what happened after speech   

Film: Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner Essays -- Movie Review Summary Essa

Film: Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joanna Drayton returns unexpectedly from Hawaii to announce her engagement to an intelligent, accomplished, world traveling doctor. The only problem with the intended union is that he is African American and she is white. The Drayton’s come face to face with their own principles and realize that their daughter is the way they brought her up to be – non-prejudicial. Turmoil and anxiety ensue as Joanna insists that her parents give their approval by the end of the night. A dinner with both sets of parents follows, where the parents must come to terms with the bi-racial marriage. This film gives an insightful look into the realities of interracial marriage and proves to be useful in examining the components of interpersonal relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communication apprehension is a nervousness, an unwillingness to communicate. It refers to anxiety about communication interaction. People who develop negative feelings and predict negative results as function of engaging in communication interactions suffer from this. John exhibits the afore described apprehension when he communicates with his parents. A specific example from the film would be when he speaks with them on the telephone and tells them about Joanna and his plans to marry her. He chooses to omit the fact that Joanna is white. He avoids telling his parents this because he fears their reaction to the information. He mentions he will write to them on the way to Geneva about the details; however, his plans are foiled when Joanna invites them over to dinner and he is forced to face it head on when they pick them up from the airport.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joanna puts on a facade of optimism, assuring John that her parents see nothing of color - after all she was brought up under liberal parents who taught her color of skin was nothing of concern. In all actuality she was slightly nervous about exposing the information. She chooses first to tell her mother about the outstanding accomplishments and qualities of John, attempting to get her to accept him for the person he is before revealing to her the seeming minuscule difference. Joanna doesn’t actually tell her mother that John is of a different origin before he enters the room, surprising her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a culture is transmitted from one generation to another, we call it enculturation. This is a process by which you learn the ... ... of the families display aspects of feminine and masculine cultures, but not each in its entirety. For example, John takes on the role of the feminine culture because he states he will not marry Joanna unless her parent’s approve, attempting to use compromise and negotiation to come to a solution. Joanna takes on the role of the masculine culture because she expects her parents to approve and deliberately confronts the conflict by inviting John’s parents over for dinner. She faces the situation head on, without reservation - forcing both sets of parents to deal with the decision directly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interracial marriages are quite common in the now, however this film is still relevant in the present. Apart from the fact that prejudices still exist today and probably will for a long time, I am sure that many parents would have similar reactions and thoughts as the parents in this film had. Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner served as an excellent tool for me to connect the information from the text book with real life experiences. It adequately depicts numerous types of communication and communication skills, giving me a better understanding of the material.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Feeling Sympathy for Tess in Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay -- Tess o

Feeling Sympathy for Tess in Tess of the D'Urbervilles I think that throughout the novel Thomas Hardy uses many different techniques that lead his readers to feel sympathy for Tess. Through reading Hardy's 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' I have realised that it is invaluable that the readers of any novel sympathise with and feel compassion for the main character. In writing 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' Thomas Hardy is very successful in grabbing the attention and sentiments of the reader and then steering their emotions so that they feel empathy and understanding for the character Tess. Hardy does this from the very first time we are introduced to Tess. The first time we see Tess is at the Woman's Walking Club Festival, Hardy describes her as 'a fine and handsome girl, with a mobile peony mouth and large innocent eyes' (Chapter II), 'a small minority would look long at her in casually passing and grow momentarily fascinated by her freshness' (ChapterII).This description of pure beauty and innocence captures the imagination of the readers and we begin to build a relationship with the character. The beauty and goodness that we see in Tess draws us to her, and engenders a feeling of affection for her, in this way Hardy is preparing us for later in the book when we see Tess suffering, and feel sympathy for her. Hardy is leading us to feel sympathy for Tess by using her attractiveness and personal qualities. From the first scene in which we meet Tess, Hardy leads us to feel sympathy for her by giving the impression that we (as readers) are slightly overlooking Tess; a place in which this technique is used is whilst Hardy is describing the effects of her appearance on others. Hardy describes the more extraord... ...herself to save Angel's dignity. All this evidence leads us to the conclusion that Tess is a natural victim, trodden by society: 'Every day it seemed more was expected of Tess and every day seemed to throw upon her young shoulders more and more of the world's burdens' (Chapter VI). I conclude that although Thomas Hardy uses many different and varied techniques to lead us to feel sympathy for Tess he pays particular attention to portraying Tess as a natural victim. Hardy also spends a great amount of time (particularly at the beginning of the book) building Tess' character and building a relationship between Tess and the readers. This is an effective method of leading the audience to feel sympathy for Tess because the reader is more likely to like and consequently, feels more compassion and sympathy towards Tess later in the book when she is suffering.

Carolyn Kizer’s Bitch: Closing the Doors on the Past Essay

The poem â€Å"Bitch† by Carolyn Kizer, published in 1984, is one that truly grasps the reader’s attention, beginning with the title itself. The overall tone of this poem intertwines the feelings of sadness and anger and also reveals quite a bit about the speaker’s past. The speaker is referring to her inner self as the â€Å"bitch† and her hurt condition is clearly present throughout the poem. She uses words such as â€Å"bark, growling, slobbers and whimper† to drive this meaning across to the reader. It is in the speaker’s own representation of her inner self as a â€Å"bitch,† one that not only bark[s] hysterically,† but also may â€Å"whimper,† and even â€Å"cringe†. The speaker is easily inclined to remember past memories from the relationship and struggles with revealing her inner emotions and putting on a calm outward appearance. This is an experience which is quite familiar to me, as a reader. I am often faced with the choice of being a â€Å"bitch† to someone (ex-boyfriend, annoying relative, a backstabbing friend†¦ etc) and showing how I truly feel or being a controlled and relaxed young woman. Kizer uses the imagery of a dog throughout the poem to show the speaker’s different emotions. Bitch† begins by describing an encounter between the speaker and an ex-lover. Lines 1 and 2 (â€Å"Now, when he and I meet†¦ growling†) reveal that these two have not kept in contact over the years. Although the speaker feels hurt and angry about the past, she tells herself to control her emotions. She is fghting with herself to not let her true feelings show. Should she scream out in anger or break down in tears to express her hurt state? Or should she stay quiet and maintain her calm nature? There is obviously tension present in these first few lines. At this point in the poem, the reader does not know ow or why this relationship ended, but the break-up clearly hurt the â€Å"bitch† more than it hurt her lover. The speaker displays an outward appearance of kindness and self-control, while she is really growing more and more furious inside (lines 5 and 6). My voice says, â€Å"Nice to see you, as the bitch starts to bark hysterically’). In line 7 (â€Å"He isn’t an enemy now’) the speaker is telling herself that she should not be dwelling on the past because her ex cant hurt her anymore. The â€Å"bitch† seems to be doing fine in controlling her emotions until line 9 when her ex-lover asks her: *dow are the children? They must be growing up. An immediate change of tone occurs here. There is an internal struggle going on between her heart and her mind. The speaker’s mind is telling her to be polite to her ex, forget the past and move on. The bitch’s heart, on the other hand, is keeping her from moving on and causing her to struggle with feelings of desire. This is clear, for example, in lines 10-13: â€Å"Ata kind word from him†¦ Down, girl! Keep your distance. † The speaker knows that if she up getting hurt. Kind words and gestures can often be deceiving and I have learned that unfortunately charming people are dangerous. I have been hurt numerous times y such personalities by only looking at their kind side and ignoring other flaws. The bitch is warning herself to not get caught up in this trap of feelings again. Quite a bit of information about the past is exposed in (lines 17-21): † She is basically loyal†¦ Until he was ready to play. This means that the speaker was always loyal and kind to her lover, but he was bored with her and still thought that she was not good enough. The imagery here is being compared to the relationship between an owner and his loving and loyal dog. Some words that emphasize this relationship are â€Å"running†, â€Å"lay at his feet†, and â€Å"ready to play’. A bitch is always ready to do what one wants and it is clear that this was the sor t of relationship that the speaker and her lover had. If he wanted her to wait for something, she was willing to wait. If he needed something, she would get it for him. If she was given an order, she would immediately act upon it. The image of an obedient dog comes to mind while reading these ending stanzas. Although the speaker is struggling with feelings of anger and repression, she still desires reconciliation. Her emotions are running wild with memories of her past, but she knows she can’t express them. She wants to be the bigger person in this uncomfortable situation because she knows she will end up getting hurt again if she â€Å"barks† or â€Å"whimpers†. In the final lines of the poem, from lines 28 to 34, the speaker reveals her final thoughts and emotions of the past and, especially, for this man, whom she cared for. The speaker seems to have given up her tender feelings for him. As she reveals these aspects, she also gives the readers and the â€Å"bitch,† or at least the woman that she was, some information on this man she has been speaking to. The readers learn that the unidentified man has perhaps remarried? (Line 31) Since he bitch sees that he has moved on with his life, she knows that it is only right that she does as well.

Saggy Pants

Timothy Wilson English 111 September 22, 2012 11:00a. m. -11:50a. m. SAGGY PANTS Saggy pants are a manner of wearing trousers below the waist, revealing much of the underwear. Most young men sag their pants to evaluate a certain style that has been seen at school or on television. Saggy pants is a detriment to society where it is cultivate in the prison system, it promotes gang activity, and increases theft. Today more young men are walking around in public with saggy pants disrespecting older adults and their community.A lot of grown folks hate the fact that they have observe this conspiracy in public. First of all, some young people believe that saggy pants is a freedom of expression, but some want it to be under a law. Today lawmakers are pushing for an ordinance that would ban the wearing of saggy pants in public places. During the first decade of the 21st century, many local governments, school systems, transit agencies, and even airlines pass law regulations against practicing of wearing saggy pants.Most federal states have banned the practice of some people that might want to show their underwear. In fact, some movies have influence on young men to wear their pants like that because some movies are only advised to mature adults. Secondly, I believe that some people that does this is related to some gang or group. Most rappers wear their saggy pants are showing young men that it is ok the be cool and to stand out. Even though some have belt, but refuse to wear them on and still wear they saggy pants.Belts are to be put on your pants to keep them from being loose or falling on your body. A lot of young men are taught to wear them at school because of the school rules about saggy pants. Most school codes require that you must wear a belt to class or be sent back home. In short, I believe that all kids with sagging clothing is violating school dress codes and in the court system. Thirdly, there is a fear of people associating the way young men dress as crime s being committed for having saggy pants.Today a lot of saggers are being arrested for disorderly conduct in a public environment. Now there is a law saying that if police sees anyone sagging their pants will have to go to jail. Furthermore, it has since become a symbol of freedom and cultural awareness among some young men and a symbol of their rejection to the values of mainstream society. Most court systems sent out a law regarding the issue. For some people to have saggy pants without wearing a belt will be put into jail. In conclusion, I am against saggy pants because it is disrespectful to older adults and society.I believe that the laws about saggy pants should all be purpose to all cities and states in America. For example, I believe that schools and colleges should show a video and saggy pants to students and the consequences that comes with it. Today a lot of young men are wearing belts to hold their pants together, but still we have those who want to show their saggy pant s in public and want to be notice. Too many young people are in jail because of this, but has a brilliant mind to be whatever they want to be all because they want to sag their pants.

Hard Times Essay

Dickens presents his criticism of the education for the labouring class in a sarcastic manner. He has created the classroom as a factory. The purpose of the education in Coketown is to root out the innocence and imagination of young children so they will grow into utilitarian robots expecting nothing more than the drudgery of industrial life. Dickens uses specific methods to put his point across of ‘bad education’ by using negative views. This is done with exaggeration because he wants the reader to think the same as what he thinks so it seems like education was extreme and intense. In ‘Hard Times’, the teachers fulfil the excessive teaching skills as they just want the ‘little vessels’ to be filled with facts. Dickens also presents a contrast between two children to show how differently each child gets treated because of their background or their attitude towards things other than facts. Another method that he uses is making the characters stand out through their names to symbolise their personality. Throughout chapters 1-3, Dickens emphasises on the word ‘facts’ because he wants to continuously present and criticise the education for the labouring class. ‘Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life†¦ ‘ This is the opening sentence of the novel and straight away you have a vague idea of the extremism of teaching. Also the word ‘fact’ is in capital letters and this signifies the importance of learning nothing but facts. The introduction of the teacher has a lot of exaggeration at hand. Thomas Gradgrind is a middle-class, self-made man. ‘A man of realities†¦ a man of facts and calculations’. Dickens has made this character a very hard and cold teacher who knows what he wants from the students. ‘He seemed a kind of cannon loaded to the muzzle with facts†¦ ‘ Dickens uses military imagery to show how the teacher wants to get rid of childhood imagination. ‘He seemed a galvanising apparatus, too, charged with a grim mechanical substitute for the tender young imaginations that were to be stormed away’. Dickens has described this as some sort of physics experiment because ‘galvanising’ is the process named after Galvan in the stimulation of animal tissue by electric currents. But in this case it is the young children that are being stimulated with factual currents. Dickens has made the teacher to be very hard-hearted and cruel and this is to present his criticism on the education for the labouring class because he evidently disagrees with this concept of teaching and he wants the readers to feel the same way by using the different language techniques and this is mostly done through exaggeration.

Transport of Solute in Solvent through Osmosis Essay

Objective: The objective is to simulate passive transport: diffusion of solutes and osmosis of water through a semipermeable membrane (dialysis tubing). The experiment will show how molecules in solution move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration in the attempt to reach homeostasis in different circumstances. Introduction: The main purpose of this lab was to observe diffusion and osmosis. This is demonstrated using dialysis tubing and a combination of monosaccharaides, disaccharides, water (H20), and sodium chlorine (NaCl), also known as table salt. We then calculated the percent change of mass over a period of time. Due to kinetic energy, cells tend to bump into one another; this is the result of the process called diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. In this lab, diffusion causes a physical change of our cells (mass). Osmosis is a type of diffusion that involves water. Osmosis occurs when water moves through a semi-permeable membrane. The water moves from a place of higher water concentration to a place of lower water concentration. Water potential measures free energy of water in any solution. A solution is a liquid mixture of two or more components. This mixture consists of a minor component (the solute) which is c onsistently distributed within a major component (the solvent). Water potential consists of 2 parts: osmotic potential and pressure potential. Osmotic potential pertains to the water molecules that move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution (changing the concentration gradient), while pressure potential pertains to the exertion of pressure the cell is under. The pressure is caused by the height of water exposed to the atmosphere above the artificial cell. The concentration gradient is generally the difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution. This occurs between a region of high density and lower density. Water potential of distilled water in  atmospheric pressure is 0, because the osmotic and pressure potentials are 0. For example, in plant cells, osmotic potential is lowered because more of its solute is being dissolved in the cytoplasm. When placed in pure water, the cells of the plant are hypertonic. This means the plant cells have more osmo tic concentration. The water potential within the beaker is higher making it hypotonic, meaning it has a lower osmotic pressure. Therefore the water will move into the cell because water moves from hypotonic environments to hypertonic environments. This results in a swelling cell. On the contrary, if solute is added to the beaker, the water potential in the cell will be greater, resulting in a hypotonic cell. Therefore water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrivel. This is relative to this lab. However, not all solutions are like this. Solutions that have reached the state of equilibrium are isotonic. This means that both solute and solvent have the same osmotic pressure. The rates of the reaction are determined by the molecular size of the particles. If the particles or smaller, they diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane much faster than particles larger than the semi-permeable membrane. This is because the smaller particles have less of a resistance to pass through the selectively permeable membrane. If the particle is larger it is going to take a much longer time for the particle to push its way through the membrane. Materials: Dialysis tubing Scissors Small funnel Graduated cylinder Paper towel Digital scale 400mL beaker 250mL beaker 1 mL pipette Test tube Hot plate Weigh boats Pipette Pipetter Methods: 1) Obtain ten 40 centimeter strips of dialysis tubing and soaked them in water. This will moisten the dialysis tubing to a rubbery texture that is easier to maneuver and work with. Tie off one end of the tubing 2cm from the end to form a bag. Finally to open the other end of the bag, we rubbed the closed, untied end between our fingers until the edges separated. 2) Measure 25mL of the applicable solution needed for the dialysis cell. This should be done with a 25mL graduated cylinder. Measuring with a 25mL graduated cylinder insures that no errors be made. To properly measure 25mL, the graduated cylinder should be placed on a flat surface and you should be at eye level with its measurements. A full 25mL is measured at the bottom of the meniscus. Once the solution has been measured, using a small funnel, pour the solution into the dialysis bag by inserting the tip of the funnel into the open end. Finally make a note of what the cell is containing; it is very easy to get them mixed up. A source of error that is unwanted. 3) Tie the open end of the dialysis bag 2cm from the end of the bag. 4) Rinse the dialysis cell thoroughly under water to guarantee any foreign substance that may have touched the dialysis cell is rinsed off and gently blot the dialysis cell with paper towel. The dialysis cells must be completely dry so when the cell is being weighed, the digital scale will not be weighing water weight on the cell as well. Using a weigh boat, measure the cells mass. The weigh boat is used for the purpose to avoid cross contamination between the cell and scale. To insure that the cell is the only thing being weighed, place the weigh boat on the scale and press clear. This will set the scale to 0 with the weigh boat still on it. Place the cell on the weigh boat and record the total weight of the cell. Your data should be weighed in grams (g). Before submerging your cell in its beaker with solution correlated on Table #1, the dialysis cell must be weighed. This will give us an idea of what the cell begins at and in what way diffusion and osmosis affects the dialysis cell . The cell must be weighed every 30 minutes in a time period of 90 minutes. The dialysis cell should be weighed four times. 5) Submerge each prepared dialysis cell in a 400mL beaker with 150 mL’s solution correlating to Table #1. These solutions must be measured using a 100 mL graduated  cylinder. Measuring with a 100mL graduated cylinder ensures that no errors be made. To properly measure 100mL, the graduated cylinder should be placed on a flat surface and you should be at eye level with its measurements. A full 100mL is measured at the bottom of the meniscus. Because 150mL of the solution is needed, two separate measurements must be made. An entire measurement from the 100mL graduated cylinder and a half should be measured. Record the time the dialysis cell is submerged in the solution; this will insure an accurate timing at which the dialysis cell must be weighed. Label each dialysis cell and solution filled beaker. This will provide knowledge as to which solution is contained in each beaker and avoid any error from being made. 6) In 30 minute intervals for 90 minutes, the cells must be removed from each beaker and blotted try with clean paper towel to be weighed. Record each measurement every time the cell is being weighed. Do not rinse the cell under water again; this may compromise the cell and solution within the beaker. 7) At the conclusive part of the cell (last time weighing the cell) remove the cell from the solution filled beaker, and blot it dry. Proceed to using scissors to cut the cell, and pour the remaining content into a 250mL beaker. Label each beaker as to which it is containing. 8) Using 3 clean test tubes perform a chloride (Cl-) test, a glucose test and a sucrose/lactose test. Obtain 2mL of each solution from each beaker. This is done using a pipette and pipette. Place the tip of the pipette in the solution of the beaker, and the pipetter is placed at the other end of the pipette. The pippetter sucks the solution into the pipette, this is a better method then using ones mouth to suck up the solution because it is more accurate and safer. Using a hot plate and a beaker filled with water, place each finished test tube into the beaker. The water contained in the beaker must be boiling before each test tube is placed within it. Using this method, the solutions reaction will occur at a much faster rate. This applies to each test. In the (Cl-) test, 2 drops silver nitrate(AgNo3) are added to each 2mL solution that has been measured and placed into a test tube from the obtained material from the cell. This test measures for the salt content in the solution. In th e glucose test, Benedict’s test is performed using a 1:1 ratio of Benedict’s test to solution. These tests for the glucose in each solution. Finally the sucrose/lactose test uses the same content as the glucose test. Benedict’s test is performed using a 1:1 ratio  of Benedict’s test to solution. This test measures for reducing sugars. The indicator for each test is color. When there is a color change to the solution that means the test has tested positive. 9) At the end of the lab, all observations should have been recorded in your notebook. Results: The data shows (Graph #1 and Graph #2) that in each case, the dialysis bag slight increases or decreases in mass over a period of 90 minutes. The increase or decrease in mass of the dialysis cell is solely based upon the concentration gradient within the dialysis cell and its environment as to which it is placed in. In each graph, it displays which dialysis cells have increased or decreased in mass. For each cell that has increased in mass, (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, and F1), diffusion and osmosis has occurred into the cell. As a result the cell has swollen because water has moved into the cell. Dialysis cells that have decreased in mass, (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, and F2), have had the opposite reaction occur. Diffusion and osmosis has moved water out of the cell, causing a decrease in mass. This is due to the dialysis cell containing a hypotonic solution as its environment at which it was submerged is hypertonic. This then causes the cell to shrink in mass. Due to the different data shown in G raph #1 and Graph #2, we know that the cells and environments contained different concentration gradients because not all data is the same. This means that no dialysis cells or environments have reached equilibrium and have become isotonic. Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to observe the physical mechanisms of osmosis and diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles. The particles move from areas of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The diffusion of water moves into or out of a selectively permeable membrane, this process is called osmosis. Because of the selectively permeable membrane, nothing but water and other very small particles are able to diffuse. The dialysis tubing is similar to the function of the cell membrane. As a result the dialysis cell loses water and also gains because of osmosis due to the transport of water. This occurs when the dialysis cell is placed in an environment in which water concentration is greater than  that of the cell. The dialysis cell gains water when placed in and environment in which the concentration is lower. This concept describes how molar concentration (the number of moles in a solute per liter of solution) affects diffusion. The perception of solutions diffusing has been observed in different situations. Diffusion always moves from a high concentration to a low concentration, this is affected by molar concentration. As the molecular mass decreases, more solution is diffused. This hypothesis was made due to the knowledge of molecules diffusing down a concentration gradient. As a result, the mass of the dialysis tubes have increased, as the molarity of a solution increases, the percent of change in mass will increase as well. This affect occurred in cells (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, F1). As the molarity of a solution decreased in other dialysis tubes, the mass of the dialysis tubes have decreased and percent change in mass has decreased as well. The amount of increase and decrease of diffusion is based on the molecule size. This occurred in cells (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, F2). As molecular size increases, the rate of diffusion decreases. This is because it has a greater resistance going through the medium of the membrane. When molecular size de creases, then rate of diffusion increases because the molecule has less of a resistance to go through the dialysis cells semi-membrane. Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Ms. Huggins for preparing each of the solutions for the class as well as the class for preparing portions of the lab as a group effort. Without having any group effort within the class, the lab would have taken more time then what would have been given. I would also like to thank the class for contributing in providing portions of the lab data, without this data we would have not been able to properly provide right information need for the lab. References: Campbell, N.A., and Reece, J.B. 2002. Biology, 8th ed. Benjamin Cummings. Pp. 131-134 for osmosis. Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition, Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, S Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David Baltimore, and James Darnell. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Chapter 2. Separate from Biology in the Laboratory 3e, Doris R. Helms, Carl W Helms, Robert J. Kosinski, John C. Cummings; W.H. Freeman, Dec 15, 1997 Data: Table #1: Experimental protocol to follow for tests of osmosis and diffusion. Summary: This table shows us what solution is contained within the dialysis cell or its environment contained in a beaker. This chart also tells us what test has to be conducted upon the beaker and the cell solution after the 30 minute intervals made in a period of 90 minutes. When the cell has finished diffusing after a period of 90 minutes, then these tests can be conducted. Solution in beaker Solution in cell Test solution in beaker for*†¦ Test solution in cell for*†¦ A1 H2O NaCl Cl- Cl- A2 NaCl H2O Cl- Cl- B1 H2O glucose glucose glucose B2 glucose H2O glucose glucose C1 H2O sucrose/lactose lactose lactose C2 sucrose/lactose H2O lactose lactose D1 NaCl glucose glucose Cl- D2 glucose NaCl Cl- glucose E1 NaCl sucrose/lactose lactose Cl- E2 sucrose/lactose NaCl Cl- lactose F1 glucose sucrose/lactose none none F2 sucrose/lactose glucose none none Table #3: Example showing molecular mass of particles Summary: This table is to shows the molecular mass of the particles used in the lab. This will help understand why some solutions diffuse faster than others. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Name of Solution Formula for Solution Moelcular Mass of Solution (g) Water H2O 18g/ mol Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.5g/ mol Glucose C6H12O6 180g/ mol Sucrose/ Lactose C12H22O11 684g/ mol Lactose C12H22O11 342g/ mol Table #2: Weight produced over time by different cells submerged in different solutions Summary: This table displays an increase or decrease in mass of the dialysis cell in 30 minute intervals over a period of 90 minutes. This helps us to understand the concentration gradients of the cell or environment of the cell due to its reaction. The cells that increases in size, we now know that the cell was hypertonic placed in a hypotonic solution because in order to reach equilibrium the amount of particles within the cell must be the same. Because they have not reached equilibrium this results in the movement of molecules moving from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution through a selectively permeable membrane (dialysis tubing), this is called osmosis. In order for the particles to move across the membrane diffusion must occur for the movement from high osmotic concentration to lower osmotic concentration to occur. The cells that decrease in mass are hypotonic place in a hypertonic solution. We know that because osmosis and diffusion has occurred, allowing the solution and pa rticles to move out of the cell into the cells environment. Once the cell is finished being weighed in 30 minute intervals over a period of 90 minutes, a silver nitrate (AgNO3) test (test for salts present in the solution), glucose test a sucrose/ lactose test (tests for reducing sugars) are conducted. The column in green represents whether the solutions tested positive or negative for the substances. Change in Mass (g) Time (min) A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F1 F2 0 26.42 25.99 27.69 26.65 28.65 26.32 27.36 26.74 28.78 26.75 27.80 27.96 30 27.24 25.41 31.84 21.71 34.89 21.32 30.38 23.41 34.33 20.00 29.85 25.91 60 27.33 24.94 33.80 19.44 40.21 18.37 31.33 21.55 38.21 16.83 31.42 24.00 90 27.12 24.70 34.95 18.83 44.15 15.93 33.47 20.18 41.23 14.50 33.42 21.87 Test (+/-) positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + Graph #1: Change in mass over 90 minutes in 30 minute intervals. Cells A to C. Summary: This graph visually shows us which dialysis cells gained or lost mass due to it concentration difference between the inside of the dialysis cell and its environment in which it was submerged in. Due to some cells having gained or lost more than other cells, some of the differences were much greater or lower than others. These means diffusion would have occurred faster or slower do to the solutions molecular size. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Graph #2: Change in mass over 90 minutes in 30 minute intervals. Cells D to F. Summary: This graph visually shows us which dialysis cells gained or lost mass due to it concentration difference between the inside of the dialysis cell and its environment in which it was submerged in. Due to some cells having gained or lost more than other cells, this tells us that some of the concentration differences were much greater or lower than other. These means diffusion would have occurred faster or slower do to the solutions molecular size. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Sources of Error: Forgetting to rinse our dialysis bags with water before weighing our cell will cause cross contamination to occur thus changing the composition of the solution that the cell has been submerged in as well as affecting the rate of diffusion and osmosis due to the dialysis tubing pores having already been compromised.